1928 年，弗萊明在培養皿中發現黴菌能殺死細菌，這個偶然的發現開啟了抗生素時代，拯救了無數生命。她是首位獲得兩次諾貝爾獎的人，共同發現了鐳和釙，並開創了引領癌症放射治療的研究。她在克里米亞戰爭期間徹底變革了護理與醫院衛生，通過清潔與組織化護理大幅降低了死亡率。愛因斯坦的相對論與 E=mc² 重塑了物理學；他在晚年也致力於倡導和平與民權。1796 年，詹納利用牛痘來預防致命的天花，為現代免疫學和疫苗奠定了基礎。佛洛伊德關於潛意識、夢境和談話療法的理論，重塑了世世代代的心理學和精神病學。他的研究證明了微生物會導致疾病和發酵，從而帶來了更安全的食物、狂犬病和炭疽病疫苗，以及現代衛生習慣。達爾文的《物種起源》（1859年）為現代生物學和我們對生命多樣性的理解奠定了基礎。沙克在1955年研發的去活化小兒麻痺症疫苗，幫助許多國家幾乎根除了這種疾病；他從未申請專利，以便疫苗能被廣泛使用。古希臘醫師希波克拉底將醫學從迷信轉向觀察與倫理。希波克拉底誓詞至今仍影響著當今的醫生。受巴斯德啟發，李斯特使用石炭酸消毒傷口和器械，大幅降低了感染率並革新了手術。牛頓的《自然哲學的數學原理》為經典物理學和微積分奠定了基礎，影響了數個世紀的科學發展。孟德爾仔細的育種實驗揭示了顯性與隱性性狀，儘管他的研究在死後才受到廣泛重視。德魯在血液保存方面的研究在第二次世界大戰期間挽救了成千上萬人的生命，並建立了現代血庫系統。科赫法則確立了如何證明微生物會導致特定疾病，創立了現代細菌學。阿普伽評分（外觀、脈搏、表情、活動、呼吸）能快速評估嬰兒出生後的健康狀況。1967年，巴納德在開普敦進行的突破性手術開啟了心臟移植時代。1816年，雷奈克將紙捲成筒狀，在不直接接觸的情況下聆聽病人的胸腔，發明了醫生至今仍每天使用的工具。透過要求醫生用氯化石灰洗手，他大幅降低了產婦死亡率——儘管他的觀點最初遭到了拒絕。布萊克威爾於1849年畢業，在提倡衛生和預防保健的同時，為女性進入醫學領域創造了機會。富蘭克林著名的「照片51號」為DNA雙螺旋模型提供了關鍵證據，儘管她在生前鮮少獲得認可。華生與克里克一同在他人研究的基礎上，於1953年發表了DNA結構，開啟了現代分子生物學。克里克的物理與理論見解幫助解開了 DNA 的結構，並在隨後推動了對遺傳密碼的理解。奧斯勒強調床邊教學、臨床觀察以及將病人視為一個完整整體的的重要性。庫欣開發了精確的手術技術，降低了手術死亡率，並增進了對腦垂體的瞭解。埃爾利希的「魔法子彈」概念和灑爾佛散標誌著針對特定疾病的標靶藥物治療的開端。艾利恩的理性藥物設計產生了多種突破性藥物；她獲得了 1988 年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。倫琴在 1895 年發現的 X 射線迅速改變了醫學診斷，並使他獲得了首屆諾貝爾物理學獎。班廷在1921年與貝斯特的合作將一種致命疾病轉變為可控的症狀，並為他贏得了諾貝爾獎。透過繪製1854年寬街水泵周邊的病例圖，斯諾證明了霍亂是經水傳播的，並協助建立了公共衛生科學。《格雷氏解剖學》（1858年）成為了幾代醫學生和從業者的標準參考書。帕雷放棄了用沸油處理槍傷，改採更溫和的療法，並重新引入結紮術來控制出血。他1543年的傑作《人體的構造》以精確的插圖和觀察革新了解剖學研究。哈維1628年的著作證明了心臟在一個連續循環中泵血，推翻了數世紀前的理論。他的綜合醫學百科全書整合了希臘、波斯和印度的知識，並指導了歐洲和伊斯蘭世界的醫生。蓋倫廣泛的解剖學和生理學理論主要基於動物解剖，直到文藝復興時期一直具有權威性。陶西格診斷出先天性缺陷，並合作開發了手術方案，挽救了數千名患有心臟畸形的兒童。霍奇金精確的分子結構促進了醫學和化學的發展；她獲得了 1964 年諾貝爾化學獎。維爾肖認為疾病始於細胞（「細胞來自細胞」）的想法成為現代病理學和醫學的基石。作為美國國家過敏和傳染病研究所（NIAID）的長期負責人，福奇在應對愛滋病毒/愛滋病、伊波拉病毒、2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）及其他傳染病挑戰中發揮了重要作用。You scored 0 out of 40You scored 1 out of 40You scored 2 out of 40You scored 3 out of 40You scored 4 out of 40You scored 5 out of 40You scored 6 out of 40You scored 7 out of 40You scored 8 out of 40You scored 9 out of 40You scored 10 out of 40You scored 11 out of 40You scored 12 out of 40You scored 13 out of 40You scored 14 out of 40You scored 15 out of 40You scored 16 out of 40You scored 17 out of 40You scored 18 out of 40You scored 19 out of 40You scored 20 out of 40You scored 21 out of 40You scored 22 out of 40You scored 23 out of 40You scored 24 out of 40You scored 25 out of 40You scored 26 out of 40You scored 27 out of 40You scored 28 out of 40You scored 29 out of 40You scored 30 out of 40You scored 31 out of 40You scored 32 out of 40You scored 33 out of 40You scored 34 out of 40You scored 35 out of 40You scored 36 out of 40You scored 37 out of 40You scored 38 out of 40You scored 39 out of 40You scored 40 out of 40
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覺得自己能認出醫學史上重大突破背後的面孔嗎？從現代醫學之父到疫苗、抗生素以及 DNA 結構的發現者，歷史上最具影響力的醫生和科學家們一步步改變了世界。在這個測驗中，您將看到一些標誌性的人像，他們的工作至今仍在影響著醫療保健。不需要高深的醫學學位，只需一點好奇心，以及對教科書、紀錄片和歷史書中出現過的名字有良好記憶即可。觀察每張圖片，從四個選項中選出正確姓名，並在過程中學習令人驚訝的事實。準備好測試您能叫出多少位先驅的名字了嗎？讓我們開始吧！